Pectic polysaccharides of the fresh plum Prunus domestica L. isolated with a simulated gastric fluid and their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.

A pectic polysaccharide, designated as PD, was extracted from fresh plums (Prunus domestica L.) with a simulated gastric fluid. Galacturonan, which was partially substituted with methyl and O-acetyl ester groups, and rhamnogalacturonan were the main constituents of the linear regions of the sugar chains of PD. The ramified region contained mainly 1,4-linked ß-d-galactopyranose residues and, to a lesser extent, 1,5-linked α-l-arabinofuranose residues. The separation of PD, by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, yielded two pectic fractions: PD-1 and PD-2, eluted with 0.1 and 0.2 M NaCl, respectively. Enzymatic digestion of PD with 1,4-α-d-polygalacturonase yielded the fraction PD-E. The parent pectin PD and the PD-1 fraction were found to diminish the adhesion of peritoneal leukocytes at the concentrations of 0.05-1.0mg/ml. However, the PD-E fraction failed to have an effect on cell adhesion at the concentrations of 0.05-0.1mg/ml. PD, PD-1 and PD-E were found to inhibit the production of superoxide anion radicals by reducing xanthine oxidase activity by 38%, 97% and 47%, respectively. Therefore, the PD-1 fraction appeared to be an active fragment of pectic macromolecule isolated from fresh plum with a simulated gastric fluid.

Structure of pectic polysaccharides isolated from onion Allium cepa L. using a simulated gastric medium and their effect on intestinal absorption.

The polysaccharide fraction extracted with simulated gastric juice from onion bulbs contained a mixture of galactan with short-length sugar chains, pectic polysaccharides and evident content of proteinaceous material. Galacturonan and rhamnogalacturonan were the main constituents of the linear regions of the sugar chains of the pectic polysaccharides. The ramified regions included rhamnogalacturonan-I. NMR data revealed that the side chains of the ramified region contained mainly 1,4-linked ß-D-galactopyranose residues and lesser content of 1,3-linked ß-D-galactopyranose and 1,5-linked α-L-arabinofuranose residues. Furthermore, the proteinaceous material was determined to be partly linked to the sugar chains. The polysaccharide fraction was found to decrease absorption of ovalbumin (OVA) to the blood from the gut lumen. The serum OVA level was threefold lower in mice fed with OVA mixed with the onion pectins compared with the control group, which was administered OVA alone. Protein removal failed to abolish the inhibitory effect of the onion polysaccharides, confirming that the polysaccharide chains are the active component of onion gastric juice extract.

Preventative antiinflammatory effect of potamogetonan, a pectin from the common pondweed Potamogeton natans L.

The pectic polysaccharide named potamogetonan (PN) was obtained using extraction of the leaves and stems of the common pondweed Potamogeton natans L. by an aqueous ammonium oxalate. The purified potamogetonan PN-300 was obtained using membrane ultrafiltration of PN and proved to be pectin with a molecular weight of 300 kDa. The capacity of potamogetonan PN-300 to prevent inflammation was assessed using a carrageenan paw edema test in mice. Oral administration of PN-300 24 h prior to induction of inflammation was found to reduce edema formation in a dose-related manner. The maximal effect of PN-300 was observed at 1 h after carrageenan injection (60% reduction of footpad swelling) and was comparable to that of indomethacin. The delayed edema (5 h) was less affected by pre-administration of PN-300 (33% reduction). PN-300 was found to improve the survival of mice subjected to a lethal dose of LPS. The anti-endotoxemic effect of PN-300 was shown to be mediated by decreased TNF-alpha and IL-1beta and increased IL-10 production.Thus, a pectin named potamogetonan PN-300 was isolated from P. natans and was shown to possess a preventive antiinflammatory effect following oral administration.

Protective effect of comaruman, a pectin of cinquefoil Comarum palustre L., on acetic acid-induced colitis in mice.

The efficacy of comaruman CP, a pectin of marsh cinquefoil Comarum palustre L., was investigated using a model of acetic acid-induced colitis in mice. Mice were administered comaruman CP orally 2 days prior to rectal injection of 5% acetic acid and examined for colonic damage 24 hr later. Colonic inflammation was characterized by macroscopical injury, higher levels of myeloperoxidase activity, enhanced vascular permeability, and diminution of colonic mucus. Oral administration of comaruman CP was found to prevent progression of colitis. Colonic macroscopic scores and the total square of damage were significantly reduced in mice treated with CP compared with the vehicle-treated colitis group. Peroral pretreatment of mice with comaruman CP was shown to decrease tissue myeloperoxidase activity in colons compared with the colitis group. Comaruman CP was found to stimulate production of mucus by colons of normal and colitis mice. Comaruman CP decreased the inflammatory status of normal mice as elicited by reduction of vascular permeability and adhesion of peritoneal neutrophils and macrophages. Thus, a preventive effect of comaruman on acetic acid-induced colitis in mice was detected. Reduction of neutrophil infiltration and enhancement of colon-bound mucus may be implicated in the protective effect of comaruman.

Characterisation of the oral adjuvant effect of lemnan, a pectic polysaccharide of Lemna minor L.

Lemnan LM, apiogalacturonanic pectin of duckweed Lemna minor L. was tested for adjuvant properties following oral administration with protein antigen. Male Swiss mice were orally immunized thrice with weekly intervals with free OVA or OVA with lemnan (LM). Lemnan LM was shown to increase delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) and serum anti OVA IgG responses. LM was established to increase levels of both serum IgG1 and IgG2a subclasses, intestinal IgA and failed to elevate levels of serum IgE. Lemnan was found to increase the adhesion of macrophages and to enhance the generation of oxygen radicals by macrophages in response to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. Serum OVA levels were four-fold higher in mice immunized with the mixture of OVA and LM in comparison with those in mice immunized with OVA only. Thus, substantial systemic and local mucosal immune responses were attained by oral immunization with the mixture of OVA and lemnan. Lemnan appeared to elicit adjuvant activity via induction of both Th1- and Th2-type responses. The immunopotentiating effect of lemnan may result from enhanced antigen ingestion and stimulation of macrophage activity.

Effect of lemnan, pectin from Lemna minor L., and its fragments on inflammatory reaction.

An effect of apiogalacturonanic pectin of duckweed Lemna minor L. (lemnan LM) was studied on the inflammatory response to ovalbumin injected intradermally into the footpad of control and ovalbumin-fed mice. Lemnan LM (1-2 mg per mouse) was found to enhance by as much as 50-60% the footpad swelling in control mice. Oral administration of ovalbumin was shown to result in sensitization that increased inflammation. Ovalbumin admixed with lemnan was found to increase by two-fold footpad edema in comparison with the mice receiving ovalbumin alone. Apple pectin used as a reference compound failed to influence the inflammatory reaction. Degradation of lemnan was performed to elucidate the active region of the polysaccharide macromolecule. The apiogalacturonanic fragment (LMP) obtained using a digestion of lemnan LM with pectinase was shown to increase the footpad response in both control and ovalbumin-fed mice. Fragment LMPH deprived of some terminal apiose residues as a result of partial acidic hydrolysis failed to have an effect on the inflammatory response.Thus, the data obtained reveal an enhancement by lemnan of the inflammatory response. The ramified apiogalacturonan seemed to be the active region of the lemnan macromolecule.

Structural studies of the pectic polysaccharide from duckweed Lemna minor L.

The pectic polysaccharide of duckweed Lemna minor L. termed lemnan (LM) was shown to contain the ramified, "hairy" region. Using partial acid hydrolysis and Smith degradation followed by NMR spectroscopy of the fragments obtained, some structural features of the hairy region of LM were elucidated. Partial acid hydrolysis of LM afforded the crude polysaccharide fraction LMH that was separated into two polysaccharide fractions: LMH-1 and LMH-2. In addition, the oligosaccharide fraction LMH-3 contained 97% D-apiose was obtained from the supernatant. A further more rigorous acidic hydrolysis of LMH led to the crude polysaccharide fraction LMHR which was separated in to two fractions: LMHR-1 and LMHR-2. Smith degradation of LMH afforded the polysaccharide fragment LMHS differed in low contents of apiose residues. Unfortunately, NMR-spectroscopy failed to provide significant evidence concerning the structure of LMH-1 due to the complexity of the macromolecule. The structure of the 1H/13C-NMR spectroscopy including the correlation 2D NMR spectroscopy. As a result, alpha-1,4-D-galactopyranosyluronan was confirmed to be the main constituent of the LM backbone. In addition, the ramified, "hairy" region of the macromolecule appeared to contain segments consisting of residues of terminal and beta-1,5-linked apiofuranose, terminal and alpha-1,5-linked arabinofuranose, terminal and beta-1,3- and beta-1,4- linked galactopyranose, the terminal and beta-1,4-linked xylopyranose, and beta-1,4-linked 2-mono-O-methyl xylopyranose. Analytical and NMR-spectral data of LMHS confirmed the presence of considerable amounts of the non-oxidized of 1,4-linked D-galactopyranosyl uronic acid residues. Thus, some side chains of the ramified region of lemnan appeared to attach to D-galactopyranosyl uronic acid residues of the backbone.

Estudio de la actividad biolígica del coralán I: actividad antitumoral directa / Study of the biologic activity of coralan I: direct antitumoral activity

El coralán es una glicoproteina obtenida de un coral blando del sublitoral cubano. Su actividad antitumoral es evaluada en tumores trasplantables de ratón (leucemia P-338. adenocarcinoma 155. carcinoma pulmonar de Lewis. carcinoma pulmonar RL-67 y sarcoma (180). Su actividad antitumoral es baja en comparación con la que exhiben los citostáticos en estos modelos experimentales y es más manifiesta en tumores de mediana sensibilidad a la quimioterapia

Estudio de la actividad biológica del coralán II: actividad antitumoral indirecta / Study of the biologic activity of coralan II: indirect antitumoral activity

La actividad antitumoral de los polisacáridos se manifiesta cuando se administran antes del trasplante de las células tumorales. El coralán manifiesta también esta características de inducir el rechazo del tumor ascitico de Ehrlich en animales que reciben este producto en dosis únicas o fraccionadas. Este efecto se manifiesta a partir de dosis bajas de este producto inferiores a 1 mg/mL

Estudio de la actividad biológica del coralán II: actividad antitumoral indirecta / Study of the biologic activity of coralan II: indirect antitumoral activity

La actividad antitumoral de los polisacáridos se manifiesta cuando se administran antes del trasplante de las células tumorales. El coralán manifiesta también esta características de inducir el rechazo del tumor ascitico de Ehrlich en animales que reciben este producto en dosis únicas o fraccionadas. Este efecto se manifiesta a partir de dosis bajas de este producto inferiores a 1 mg/mL

Estudio de la actividad biolígica del coralán I: actividad antitumoral directa / Study of the biologic activity of coralan I: direct antitumoral activity

El coralán es una glicoproteina obtenida de un coral blando del sublitoral cubano. Su actividad antitumoral es evaluada en tumores trasplantables de ratón (leucemia P-338. adenocarcinoma 155. carcinoma pulmonar de Lewis. carcinoma pulmonar RL-67 y sarcoma (180). Su actividad antitumoral es baja en comparación con la que exhiben los citostáticos en estos modelos experimentales y es más manifiesta en tumores de mediana sensibilidad a la quimioterapia

Efecto de la desagregación molecular por métodos físicos (politrón) de la molécula de coralan sobre su actividad inmunomoduladora in vitro / Effects of molecular disintegration by physical methods (politron) of coralan molecule on its immunomodulator activity in vitro

Elcoralan es un polisácarido que ha demostrado inducir en los ratones una alta capacidad de rechazo al trasplante de células del tumor ascítico de Ehrlich. Este producto provoca además un aumento significativo en la proliferación de linfocitos humanos como respuesta a la fitohemaglutinina (PHA). Este producto es de dificil esterilización por lo que se han buscado métodos para desagregar la molécula (Politrón) sin que pierda su actividad biológica

Efecto de la degradación molecular por métodos físicos (sonicador) de la molécula de coralan sobre su actividad inmunomoduladora in vitro / Effect of molecular desintegration by physical methods (sonicator) of coralan molecula on its immunomodulator activity in vitro

El coralán es un polisacárido obtenido de coral, que ha demostrado poseer actividad inmunomoduladora. Esta molécula tiene un peso molecular muy elevado por lo que es dificil su esterilización. Se sometieron soluciones acuosas de esta molécula o desagregación molecular en un sonicador, y se comprobó que mantenía su actividad biológica in vitro

Efecto de la degradación molecular por métodos físicos (sonicador) de la molécula de coralan sobre su actividad inmunomoduladora in vitro / Effect of molecular desintegration by physical methods (sonicator) of coralan molecula on its immunomodulator activity in vitro

El coralán es un polisacárido obtenido de coral, que ha demostrado poseer actividad inmunomoduladora. Esta molécula tiene un peso molecular muy elevado por lo que es dificil su esterilización. Se sometieron soluciones acuosas de esta molécula o desagregación molecular en un sonicador, y se comprobó que mantenía su actividad biológica in vitro

Efecto de la desagregación molecular por métodos físicos (politrón) de la molécula de coralan sobre su actividad inmunomoduladora in vitro / Effects of molecular disintegration by physical methods (politron) of coralan molecule on its immunomodulator activity in vitro

Elcoralan es un polisácarido que ha demostrado inducir en los ratones una alta capacidad de rechazo al trasplante de células del tumor ascítico de Ehrlich. Este producto provoca además un aumento significativo en la proliferación de linfocitos humanos como respuesta a la fitohemaglutinina (PHA). Este producto es de dificil esterilización por lo que se han buscado métodos para desagregar la molécula (Politrón) sin que pierda su actividad biológica